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¡¡¡¡mr.speaker,membersofthe77thcongress:
¡¡¡¡iaddressyou,themembersofthisnewcongress,atamomentunprecedentedinthehistoryoftheunion.iusetheword“unprecedented”becauseatnoprevioustimehasamericansecuritybeenasseriouslythreatenedfromwithoutasitistoday.
¡¡¡¡sincethepermanentformationofourgovernmentundertheconstitutionin1789,mostoftheperiodsofcrisisinourhistoryhaverelatedtoourdomesticaffairs.and,fortunately,onlyoneofthese-thefour-yearwarbetweenthestates-everthreatenedournationalunity.today,thankgod,130,000,000americansinforty-eightstateshaveforgottenpointsofthecompassinournationalunity.
¡¡¡¡itistruethatpriorto1914theunitedstatesoftenhasbeendisturbedbyeventsinothercontinents.wehaveevenengagedintwowarswitheuropeannationsandinanumberofundeclaredwarsinthewestindies,inthemediterraneanandinthepacific,forthemaintenanceofamericanrightsandfortheprinciplesofpeacefulcommerce.butinnocasehasaseriousthreatbeenraisedagainstournationalsafetyorourcontinuedindependence.
¡¡¡¡whatiseektoconveyisthehistorictruththattheunitedstatesasanationhasatalltimesmaintainedopposition-clear,definiteopposition-toanyattempttolockusinbehindanancientchinesewallwhiletheprocessionofcivilizationwentpast.today,thinkingofourchildrenandoftheirchildren,weopposeenforcedisolationforourselvesorforanyotherpartoftheamericas.
¡¡¡¡thatdeterminationofours,extendingoveralltheseyears,wasproved,forexample,intheearlydaysduringthequartercenturyofwarsfollowingthefrenchrevolution.whilethenapoleonicstruggledidthreateninterestsoftheunitedstatesbecauseofthefrenchfootholdinthewestindiesandinlouisiana,andwhileweengagedinthewarof1812tovindicateourrighttopeacefultrade,itisneverthelessclearthatneitherfrancenorgreatbritainnoranyothernationwasaimingatdominationofthewholeworld.
¡¡¡¡andinlikefashion,from1815to1914-ninety-nineyears-nosinglewarineuropeorinasiaconstitutedarealthreatagainstourfutureoragainstthefutureofanyotheramericannation.
¡¡¡¡exceptinthemaximilianinterludeinmexico,noforeignpowersoughttoestablishitselfinthishemisphere.andfriendlystrength;itisstillafriendlystrength.
¡¡¡¡evenwhentheworldwarbrokeoutin1914itseemedtocontainonlysmallthreatofdangertoourownamericanfuture.butastimewenton,asweremember,theamericanpeoplebegantovisualizewhatthedownfallofdemocraticnationsmightmeantoourowndemocracy.
¡¡¡¡weneednotoveremphasizeimperfectionsinthepeaceofversailles.weneednotharponfailureofthedemocraciestodealwithproblemsofworldreconstruction.weshouldrememberthatthepeaceof1919wasfarlessunjustthanthekindofpacificationwhichbeganevenbeforemunich,andwhichisbeingcarriedonundertheneworderoftyrannythatseekstospreadovereverycontinenttoday.
¡¡¡¡theamericanpeoplehaveunalterablysettheirfacesagainstthattyranny.
¡¡¡¡isupposethateveryrealistknowsthatthedemocraticwayoflifeisatthismomentbeingdirectlyassailedineverypartoftheworld-assailedeitherbyarmsorbysecretspreadingofpoisonouspropagandabythosewhoseektodestroyunityandpromotediscordinnationsthatarestillatpeace.
¡¡¡¡duringsixteenlongmonthsthisassaulthasblottedoutthewholepatternofdemocraticlifeinanappallingnumberofindependentnations,greatandsmall.andtheassailantsarestillonthemarch,threateningothernations,greatandsmall.
¡¡¡¡therefore,asyourpresident,performingmyconstitutionaldutyto“givetothecongressinformationofthestateoftheunion,”ifinditunhappilynecessarytoreportthatthefutureandthesafetyofourcountryandofourdemocracyareoverwhelminglyinvolvedineventsfarbeyondourborders.
¡¡¡¡armeddefenseofdemocraticexistenceisnowbeinggallantlywagedinfourcontinents.ifthatdefensefails,allthepopulationandalltheresourcesofeuropeandasia,africaandaustraliawillbedominatedbyconquerors.andletusrememberthatthetotalofthosepopulationsinthosefourcontinents,thetotalofthosepopulationsandtheirresourcesgreatlyexceedsthesumtotalofthepopulationandtheresourcesofthewholeofthewesternhemisphere-yes,manytimesover.
¡¡¡¡intimesliketheseitisimmature-and,incidentally,untrue-foranybodytobragthatanunpreparedamerica,single-handedandwithonehandtiedbehinditsback,canholdoffthewholeworld.
¡¡¡¡norealisticamericancanexpectfromadictator’speaceinternationalgenerosity,orreturnoftrueindependence,orworlddisarmament,orfreedomofexpression,orfreedomofreligion-orevengoodbusiness.suchapeacewouldbringnosecurityforusorforourneighbors.thosewhowouldgiveupessentiallibertytopurchasealittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.
¡¡¡¡asanationwemaytakeprideinthefactthatwearesoft-hearted;butwecannotaffordtobesoft-headed.wemustalwaysbewaryofthosewhowithsoundingbrassandatinklingcymbalpreachtheismofappeasement.wemustespeciallybewareofthatsmallgroupofselfishmenwhowouldclipthewingsoftheamericaneagleinordertofeathertheirownnests.
¡¡¡¡ihaverecentlypointedouthowquicklythetempoofmodernwarfarecouldbringintoourverymidstthephysicalattackwhichwemusteventuallyexpectifthedictatornationwinthiswar.
¡¡¡¡thereismuchloosetalkofourimmunityfromimmediateanddirectinvasionfromacrosstheseas.obviously,aslongasthebritishnavyretainsitspower,nosuchdangerexists.eveniftherewerenobritishnavy,itisnotprobablethatanyenemywouldbestupidenoughtoattackusbylandingtroopsintheunitedstatesfromacrossthousandsofmilesofocean,untilithadacquiredstrategicbasesfromwhichtooperate.
¡¡¡¡butwelearnmuchfromthelessonsofthepastyearsineurope-particularlythelessonofnorway,whoseessentialseaportswerecapturedbytreacheryandsurprisebuiltupoveraseriesofyears.
¡¡¡¡thefirstphaseoftheinvasionofthishemispherewouldnotbethelandingofregulartroops.thenecessarystrategicpointswouldbeoccupiedbysecretagentsandbytheirdupes-andgreatnumbersofthemarealreadyhereandinlatinamerica.
¡¡¡¡aslongastheaggressornationsmaintaintheoffensivethey,notwe,willchoosethetimeandtheplaceandthemethodoftheirattack.
¡¡¡¡andthatiswhythefutureofalltheamericanrepublicsistodayinseriousdanger.thatiswhythisannualmessagetothecongressisuniqueinourhistory.thatiswhyeverymemberoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentandeverymemberofthecongressfacegreatresponsibility-greataccountability.
¡¡¡¡theneedofthemomentisthatouractionsandourpolicyshouldbedevotedprimarily-almostexclusively-tomeetingthisforeignperil.forallourdomesticproblemsarenowapartofthegreatemergency.
¡¡¡¡justasournationalpolicyininternalaffairshasbeenbaseduponadecentrespectfortherightsanddignityofallourfellowmenwithinourgates,soournationalpolicyinforeignaffairshasbeenbasedonadecentrespectfortherightsandthedignityofallnations,largeandsmall.andthejusticeofmoralitymustandwillwinintheend.
¡¡¡¡ournationalpolicyisthis:
¡¡¡¡first,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearecommittedtoall-inclusivenationaldefense.
¡¡¡¡second,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearecommittedtofullsupportofallthoseresolutepeopleeverywherewhoareresistingaggressionandaretherebykeepingwarawayfromourhemisphere.bythissupportweexpressourdeterminationthatthedemocraticcauseshallprevail,andwestrengthenthedefenseandthesecurityofourownnation.
¡¡¡¡third,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearecommittedtothepropositionthatprincipleofmoralityandconsiderationsforourownsecuritywillneverpermitustoacquiesceinapeacedictatedbyaggressorsandsponsoredbyappeasers.weknowthatenduringpeacecannotbeboughtatthecostofotherpeople'sfreedom.
¡¡¡¡intherecentnationalelectiontherewasnosubstantialdifferencebetweenthetwogreatpartiesinrespecttothatnationalpolicy.noissuewasfoughtoutonthelinebeforetheamericanelectorate.andtodayitisabundantlyevidentthatamericancitizenseverywherearedemandingandsupportingspeedyandcompleteactioninrecognitionofobviousdanger.
¡¡¡¡therefore,theimmediateneedisaswiftanddrivingincreaseinourarmamentproduction.leadersofindustryandlaborhaverespondedtooursummons.goalsofspeedhavebeenset.insomecasesthesegoalsarebeingreachedaheadoftime.insomecasesweareonschedule;inothercasesthereareslightbutnotseriousdelays.andinsomecases-and,iamsorrytosay,veryimportantcases--weareallconcernedbytheslownessoftheaccomplishmentofourplans.
¡¡¡¡thearmyandnavy,however,havemadesubstantialprogressduringthepastyear.actualexperienceisimprovingandspeedingupourmethodsofproductionwitheverypassingday.andtoday'sbestisnotgoodenoughfortomorrow.
¡¡¡¡iamnotsatisfiedwiththeprogressthusfarmade.themeninchargeoftheprogramrepresentthebestintraining,inabilityandinpatriotism.theyarenotsatisfiedwiththeprogressthusfarmade.noneofuswillbesatisfieduntilthejobisdone.
¡¡¡¡nomatterwhethertheoriginalgoalwassettoohighortoolow,ourobjectiveisquickerandbetterresults.
¡¡¡¡togiveyoutwoillustrations:
¡¡¡¡wearebehindscheduleinturningoutfinishedairplanes.
¡¡¡¡weareworkingdayandnighttosolvetheinnumerableproblemsandtocatchup.
¡¡¡¡weareaheadofscheduleinbuildingwarships,butweareworkingtogetevenfurtheraheadofthatschedule.
¡¡¡¡tochangeawholenationfromabasisofpeacetimeproductionofimplementsofpeacetoabasisofwartimeproductionofimplementsofwarisnosmalltask.thegreatestdifficultycomesatthebeginningoftheprogram,whennewtools,andnewplantfacilities,newassemblylines,newshipwaysmustfirstbeconstructedbeforetheactualmaterialbeginstoflowsteadilyandspeedilyfromthem.
¡¡¡¡thecongressofcourse,mustrightlykeepitselfinformedatalltimesoftheprogressoftheprogram.however,thereiscertaininformation,asthecongressitselfwillreadilyrecognize,which,intheinterestsofourownsecurityandthoseofthenationsthatwearesupporting,mustofneedsbekeptinconfidence.
¡¡¡¡newcircumstancesareconstantlybegettingnewneedsforoursafety.ishallaskthiscongressforgreatlyincreasednewappropriationsandauthorizationstocarryonwhatwehavebegun.
¡¡¡¡ialsoaskthiscongressforauthorityandforfundssufficienttomanufactureadditionalmunitionsandwarsuppliesofmanykinds,tobeturnedovertothosenationswhicharenowinactualwarwithaggressornations.ourmostusefulandimmediateroleistoactasanarsenalforthemaswellasforourselves.theydonotneedmanpower,buttheydoneedbillionsofdollars’worthoftheweaponsofdefense.
¡¡¡¡thetimeisnearwhentheywillnotbeabletopayforthemallinreadycash.wecannot,andwewillnot,tellthemthattheymustsurrendermerelybecauseofpresentinabilitytopayfortheweaponswhichweknowtheymusthave.
¡¡¡¡idonotrecommendthatwemakethemaloanofdollarswithwhichtopayfortheseweapons--aloantoberepaidindollars.irecommendthatwemakeitpossibleforthosenationstocontinuetoobtainwarmaterialsintheunitedstates,fittingtheirordersintoourownprogram.andnearlyalloftheirmaterialwould,ifthetimeevercame,beusefulinourowndefense.
¡¡¡¡takingcounselofexpertmilitaryandnavalauthorities,consideringwhatisbestforourownsecurity,wearefreetodecidehowmuchshouldbekepthereandhowmuchshouldbesentabroadtoourfriendswho,bytheirdeterminedandheroicresistance,aregivingustimeinwhichtomakereadyourowndefense.
¡¡¡¡forwhatwesendabroadweshallberepaid,repaidwithinareasonabletimefollowingthecloseofhostilities,repaidinsimilarmaterials,oratouroptioninothergoodsofmanykindswhichtheycanproduceandwhichweneed.
¡¡¡¡letussaytothedemocracies:"weamericansarevitallyconcernedinyourdefenseoffreedom.weareputtingforthourenergies,ourresources,andourorganizingpowerstogiveyouthestrengthtoregainandmaintainafreeworld.weshallsendyouinever-increasingnumbers,ships,planes,tanks,guns.thisisourpurposeandourpledge."
¡¡¡¡infulfillmentofthispurposewewillnotbeintimidatedbythethreatsofdictatorsthattheywillregardasabreachofinternationallaworasanactofwarouraidtothedemocracieswhichdaretoresisttheiraggression.suchaidisnotanactofwar,evenifadictatorshouldunilaterallyproclaimitsotobe.
¡¡¡¡andwhenthedictators-ifthedictators--arereadytomakewaruponus,theywillnotwaitforanactofwaronourpart.
¡¡¡¡theydidnotwaitfornorwayorbelgiumorthenetherlandstocommitanactofwar.theironlyinterestisinanewone-wayinternationallaw,whichlacksmutualityinitsobservanceandthereforebecomesaninstrumentofoppression.thehappinessoffuturegenerationsofamericansmaywelldependonhoweffectiveandhowimmediatewecanmakeouraidfelt.noonecantelltheexactcharacteroftheemergencysituationsthatwemaybecalledupontomeet.thenation'shandsmustnotbetiedwhenthenation'slifeisindanger.
¡¡¡¡yes,andwemustprepare,allofusprepare,tomakethesacrificesthattheemergency-almostasseriousaswaritself--demands.whateverstandsinthewayofspeedandefficiencyindefense,indefensepreparationsatanytime,mustgivewaytothenationalneed.
¡¡¡¡afreenationhastherighttoexpectfullcooperationfromallgroups.afreenationhastherighttolooktotheleadersofbusiness,oflaborandofagriculturetotaketheleadinstimulatingeffort,notamongothergroupsbutwithintheirowngroups.
¡¡¡¡thebestwayofdealingwiththefewslackersortrouble-makersinourmidstis,first,toshamethembypatrioticexample,andifthatfails,tousethesovereigntyofgovernmenttosavegovernment.
¡¡¡¡asmendonotlivebybreadalone,theydonotfightbyarmamentsalone.thosewhomanourdefensesandthosebehindthemwhobuildourdefensesmusthavethestaminaandthecouragewhichcomefromanunshakablebeliefinthemanneroflifewhichtheyaredefending.themightyactionthatwearecallingforcannotbebasedonadisregardofallthethingsworthfightingfor.
¡¡¡¡thenationtakesgreatsatisfactionandmuchstrengthfromthethingswhichhavebeendonetomakeitspeopleconsciousoftheirindividualstakeinthepreservationofdemocraticlifeinamerica.thosethingshavetoughenedthefiberofourpeople,haverenewedtheirfaithandstrengthenedtheirdevotiontotheinstitutionswemakereadytoprotect.
¡¡¡¡certainlythisisnotimeforanyofustostopthinkingaboutthesocialandeconomicproblemswhicharetherootcauseofthesocialrevolutionwhichistodayasupremefactorintheworld.forthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthefoundationsofahealthyandstrongdemocracy.
¡¡¡¡thebasicthingsexpectedbyourpeopleoftheirpoliticalandeconomicsystemsaresimple.theyare:
¡¡¡¡equalityofopportunityforyouthandforothers.
¡¡¡¡jobsforthosewhocanwork.
¡¡¡¡securityforthosewhoneedit.
¡¡¡¡theendingofspecialprivilegeforthefew.
¡¡¡¡thepreservationofcivillibertiesforall.
¡¡¡¡theenjoymentofthefruitsofscientificprogressinawiderandconstantlyrisingstandardofliving.
¡¡¡¡thesearethesimple,thebasicthingsthatmustneverbelostsightofintheturmoilandunbelievablecomplexityofourmodernworld.theinnerandabidingstraightofoureconomicandpoliticalsystemsisdependentuponthedegreetowhichtheyfulfilltheseexpectations.
¡¡¡¡manysubjectsconnectedwithoursocialeconomycallforimmediateimprovement.asexamples:
¡¡¡¡weshouldbringmorecitizensunderthecoverageofold-agepensionsandunemploymentinsurance.
¡¡¡¡weshouldwidentheopportunitiesforadequatemedicalcare.
¡¡¡¡weshouldplanabettersystembywhichpersonsdeservingorneedinggainfulemploymentmayobtainit.
¡¡¡¡ihavecalledforpersonalsacrifice,andiamassuredofthewillingnessofalmostallamericanstorespondtothatcall.apartofthesacrificemeansthepaymentofmoremoneyintaxes.inmybudgetmessageiwillrecommendthatagreaterportionofthisgreatdefenseprogrambepaidforfromtaxationthanwearepayingfortoday.nopersonshouldtry,orbeallowedtogetrichoutoftheprogram,andtheprincipleoftaxpaymentsinaccordancewithabilitytopayshouldbeconstantlybeforeoureyestoguideourlegislation.
¡¡¡¡ifthecongressmaintainstheseprinciplesthevoters,puttingpatriotismaheadpocketbooks,willgiveyoutheirapplause.
¡¡¡¡inthefuturedays,whichweseektomakesecure,welookforwardtoaworldfoundeduponfouressentialhumanfreedoms.
¡¡¡¡thefirstisfreedomofspeechandexpression--everywhereintheworld.
¡¡¡¡thesecondisfreedomofeverypersontoworshipgodinhisownwayeverywhereintheworld.
¡¡¡¡thethirdisfreedomfromwant,which,translatedintoworldterms,meanseconomicunderstandingswhichwillsecuretoeverynationahealthypeacetimelifeforitsinhabitants--everywhereintheworld.
¡¡¡¡thefourthisfreedomfromfear,which,translatedintoworldterms,meansaworld-widereductionofarmamentstosuchapointandinsuchathoroughfashionthatnonationwillbeinapositiontocommitanactofphysicalaggressionagainstanyneighbor--anywhereintheworld.
¡¡¡¡thatisnovisionofadistantmillennium.itisadefinitebasisforakindofworldattainableinourowntimeandgeneration.thatkindofworldistheveryantithesisoftheso-called“neworder”oftyrannywhichthedictatorsseektocreatewiththecrashofabomb.
¡¡¡¡tothatneworderweopposethegreaterconception--themoralorder.agoodsocietyisabletofaceschemesofworlddominationandforeignrevolutionsalikewithoutfear.
¡¡¡¡sincethebeginningofouramericanhistorywehavebeenengagedinchange,inaperpetual,peacefulrevolution,arevolutionwhichgoesonsteadily,quietlyadjustingitselftochangingconditionswithouttheconcentrationcamporthequicklimeintheditch.theworldorderwhichweseekisthecooperationoffreecountries,workingtogetherinafriendly,civilizedsociety.
¡¡¡¡thisnationhasplaceditsdestinyinthehands,headsandheartsofitsmillionsoffreemenandwomen,anditsfaithinfreedomundertheguidanceofgod.freedommeansthesupremacyofhumanrightseverywhere.oursupportgoestothosewhostruggletogainthoserightsandkeepthem.ourstrengthisourunityofpurpose.
¡¡¡¡tothathighconcepttherecanbenoendsavevictory.
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